The Topic: Japanese-American Internment Easier - During World War II the U.S. government forced more than 120,000 Japanese Americans to leave their homes and along with farms, schools, jobs, and businesses. In some cases family members were separated. From 1942 to 1945, they lived in internment camps.   Harder - After the December 7, 1941 Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066. This act based on ethnicity permitted the military to bypass the constitutional safeguards of American citizens in the name of national defense. The order excluded persons of Japanese ancestry then living on the West Coast from residing and working in certain locations. This traumatic uprootment culminated in the mass evacuation and incarceration of most Japanese Americans, most of whom were U.S. citizens or legal permanent resident aliens. They were detained for up to 4 years, without due process of law or any factual basis. They were forced to live in bleak, remote camps behind barbed wire and under the surveillance of armed guards. Japanese American internment raised questions about the rights of American citizens as embodied in the first ten amendments to the Constitution.   Children of the Camps http://www.children-of-the-camps.org/ This companion site to the PBS program portrays the experiences and ongoing impact of U.S. Internment on the 60,000 Japanese Americans who were children at the time. Related Website: 2) Children of the Camps from PBS http://www.pbs.org/childofcamp/index.html Other Related PBS Sites: 3) Conscience and the Constitution from PBS http://www.pbs.org/conscience/ 4) Rabbit in the Moon http://www.pbs.org/pov/tvraceinitiative/rabbitinthemoon/   Japanese American Exhibit and Access Project from University of Washington http://www.lib.washington.edu/exhibits/harmony/default.htm This site provides access to the UW Libraries holdings on the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II, including a virtual exhibit focusing on the Puyallup assembly center, Camp Harmony, and the archival guides and inventories of the UW Libraries Manuscripts and University Archives Division.   Japanese American Experience from Museum of the Balch Institute for Ethnic Studies http://www.balchinstitute.org/museum/japanese/jap-am.html Learn more about Japanese American experience and the legacy of internment. Other Museum Exhibits: 2) Forwarding Address Required from Smithsonian National Postal Museum http://www.si.edu/postal/far/exhibit.html 3) Internment of San Francisco Japanese from the Museum of the City of San Francisco http://www.sfmuseum.org/war/evactxt.html 4) More Perfect Union from Smithsonian Museum of American History http://americanhistory.si.edu/perfectunion/experience/   Masumi Hayashie Photography http://www.csuohio.edu/art_photos/ This online gallery displays the artist's work showing Japanese American Internment camps in the U. S. and Canada, the daily life of camp inhabitants, and more. Related Website: 2) Gallery http://oz.net/~cyu/internment/gallery.html 3) Images of the Japanese American Internment http://www.momomedia.com/CLPEF/gallery.html 4) Roosevelt's Policy in WW II: US Concentration Camps for Japanese http://www.codoh.com/zundel/antiprop/japanese/japtoc.html    After visiting several of the websites, complete one or more of the following projects.   Complete A WebQuest on Japanese Internment. Follow or adapt the procedures found at the following webQuest sites. 1) American World War II Internment Camps (Grades 7-9) by J. Franco, E. Franco, and L.R. Evans http://www.pavenet.org/FTP/Users/all_share/Cohort1/5319Project/CAMPS/American%20WW%20II%20Internment%20Camps3.htm 2) Imprisoned in Our Own Country; Japanese- American Internment Camps http://www.lams.losalamos.k12.nm.us/heacock/campsEmilySamantha.htm 3) Japanese Internment by E. Cierniak http://www.e-muse.com.au/japaneseinternment/wq.html   Detention or Concentration Camp? Some people disagree with how the history of Japanese-American Interment Camps are being portrayed - - in public monuments and in schools. To learn more about the issues visit the following websites. Identify the 'revisionist' position. Debate the issues. Decide what is accurate. 1) Concentration Camp or Summer Camp? from Mother Jones http://www.mojones.com/news_wire/ito.html 2) Japanese Relocation and Internment in the US during WWII by B. Hopgood http://www.pnorthwestbooks.com/docs/jai_summary.html 3) Tales of American 'Concentration Camps' Perpetuate Slander by R. Estrada http://www.pnorthwestbooks.com/docs/estrada.html   Imagine What Camp Life Was Like. Pretend that you are a Japanese American housed in one of the interment camps during WWII. Write a story that tells what your everyday life would have been like. Share your writing.   Could It Happen Again? Sixty years ago, most Japanese Americans were physically detained. Most were emotionally affected by the regretful experience. Can you envision circumstances where something similar might reoccur in the United States? Debate the possibilities. Decide what measures are needed to insure that something like it would not happen.   Websites By Kids For Kids History of the Japanese-American Internment from Father Ryan High School, Nashville, TN http://www.fatherryan.org/hcompsci/ This student project provides a comprehensive overview of Japanese-American Internment.   True Facts about the Time and the Real Life Account of Mr. Wayne Yamamoto http://users.owt.com/rpeto/swisher2/index.html This oral history project provides a biographical record on one man's experience. Related Project from Another Student: 2) Internment Experience by Paul Ozaki's granddaughter, Pasco High School http://users.owt.com/rpeto/wendigrand/wendi_gran.html   Where Are We? I Want to Go Home (Section within Through Our Eyes and Hearts and Minds-World War II , 2001 Platinum Award ThinkQuest Junior Project) http://library.thinkquest.org/J0110055/marissa/index-mar.html Imagine that you were moved to a wasteland to live, powerless to go home, not knowing if you would ever see your home again.   More Websites Camps by C.J. Yu http://www.geocities.com/Athens/8420/camps.html#manzanar This page contains a map, photographs, and information about many of the internment camps. Related Websites: 2) Behind Barbed Wire at Amache (Colorado) http://www.du.edu/~anballar/BehindBarbedWire.html 3) Granada Japanese Internment Camp (Colorado) http://www.archives.state.co.us/wwcod/granada.htm 4) Heart Mountain Digital Preservation Project http://chem.nwc.cc.wy.us/HMDP/ 5) History of Tule Lake Internment Camp and the Pilgrimages http://www.geocities.com/tulelakecommittee/ 6) Images of Manzanar http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/page12a.html 7) Japanese-Americans Internment Camps During World War II from the Univ. of Utah http://www.lib.utah.edu/spc/photo/9066/9066.htm 8) Japanese Americans Internment in Arkansas http://asms.k12.ar.us/armem/tsang/INDEX.HTM 9) Japanese Interment Camp Links http://www.archives.state.co.us/wwcod/grlks.htm 10) Japanese Internment Camps http://www.uwec.edu/Academic/Geography/Ivogeler/w188/j4.htm 11) Japanese Internment Camp Locations http://www.uwec.edu/Academic/Geography/Ivogeler/w188/j2.htm 12) Kooskia Internment Camp Project from Univ. of Idaho http://www.uidaho.edu/LS/AACC/kooskia.htm 13) List of Interment and Detention Camps http://www.momomedia.com/CLPEF/camps.html 14) Manzanar - America's Concentration Camp http://members.aol.com/EARTHSUN/Manzanar.html and http://www.qnet.com/~earthsun/manzanar.htm 15) Manzanar http://www.owensvalleyhistory.com/page17a.html 16) Manzanar (Photograph) http://www.nara.gov/nara/nn/nns/ww230.jpg 17) Manzanar Relocation Camp from Masumi Hayashi Photography http://www.csuohio.edu/art_photos/manzanar/manzanar.html 18) Topaz Camp (Utah) http://www.millardcounty.com/topazcamp.html 19) Tule Lake Relocation Center 1942 - 1946 by I. Fujimoto and D. Sunada http://www.colostate.edu/Orgs/TuleLake/Tule%20Lake%20Menu.html 20) War Relocation Authority Camps in Arizona, 1942-1946 from University of Arizona http://www.library.arizona.edu/wracamps/   Executive Order No. 9066 http://www.library.arizona.edu/images/jpamer/execordr.html http://www.momomedia.com/CLPEF/9066.html#Anchor Read the actual text of the February 19, 1942 presidential order. Related Websites: 2) Chronology of the Japanese American Internment http://www.momomedia.com/CLPEF/chrono.html 3) Decision To Evacuate the Japanese from the Pacific Coast by S. Conn http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist6/conn.html and http://www.army.mil/CMH-PG/BOOKS/70-7_05.htm 4) Personal Justice Denied (Excerpt from the Congressional Report) http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/4417/personaljusticedenied.html   Free to Die for Their Country (Excerpt) by E.E. Muller http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/548228.html The U.S. government dared to conscript Japanese American internees into the army after forcing them into internment camps on suspicion of disloyalty?   Historical Overview of the Japanese American Internment http://www.momomedia.com/CLPEF/history.html Here a brief article summarizes the events of the Japanese American interment during WWII.   Japanese American Internment http://www.oz.net/~cyu/internment/main.html This extensive website has articles, documents, and lots of links covering events preceding the war and the camp operations. Other Comprehensive Websites: 2) Internment Camps in America (Links-site) http://www.teacheroz.com/Japanese_Internment.htm 3) Japanese-American Internment (Links-site) http://www.uen.org/themepark/html/liberty/japanese.html   Japanese American Internment from the U.S. Department of Justice http://www.usdoj.gov/kidspage/crt/redress.htm On February 19, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which began this prohibition.   Japanese American Internment Memorial http://www.scu.edu/SCU/Programs/Diversity/memorial.html This website is for the memorial in San Jose, CA.   Japanese Canadian Internment http://www.lib.washington.edu/subject/Canada/internment/intro.html The evacuation of the Japanese Canadians, or Nikkei, from the Pacific Coast in the early months of 1942 was the greatest mass movement in the history of Canada. Related Website: 2) Japanese Internment Camps in Canada http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/projects/canadianhistory/camps/internment1.html   Japanese Internment Camps: A Personal Account http://www.uwec.edu/Academic/Geography/Ivogeler/w188/life.htm R.O. Komoto provides the memories of her experience. Similar Biographical Websites: 2) Child's View of Japanese-American Internment Camps by E.O. Onishi http://www.kent.wednet.edu/staff/eonishi/jainternment/JAInternment.html 3) Japanese Internment by Aiko H. Uyeki http://www.northcoast.com/~bbn/aiko.html 4) When Americans were Treated as Traitors by D. Kazak http://www.service.com/paw/Centennial/1994_Apr_15.1940SB.html   Korematsu Honored with Medal of Freedom from the ACLU News http://www.aclunc.org/aclunews/news298/korematsu.html This article is a tribute to Fred Korematsu and his enduring courage. Related Websites: 2) Fred Korematsu v. United States http://ww\w.law.uh.edu/teacher/korematsu/ 3) Korematsu v. United States http://www.tourolaw.edu/patch/Korematsu/ 4) Korematsu v. United States, Justice Roberts Dissenting http://law.touro.edu/patch/Korematsu/ROBERTS.html   Letters from a Japanese-American Internment Camp from NPR http://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/2001/may/010509.japanesecamp.html Listen or read the radio broadcast about the exhibit at the National Postal Museum in Washington, D.C. Related Website: 2) Forwarding Address Required from Smithsonian National Postal Museum http://www.si.edu/postal/far/exhibit.html   Unofficial Nikkei Home Page http://www.kent.wednet.edu/KSD/SJ/Nikkei/Nikkei_homePage.html 'Nikkei' at this site is used to describe four generations of Japanese living in America. This page is dedicated to them and their experiences.   Websites For Teachers Bracelet (Grade 5) by I. Jones http://teacherlink.ed.usu.edu/TLresources/longterm/LessonPlans/socst/JONES.html The Year is 1942. The United States and Japan are at war. Emi is a seven-year-old Japanese American who finds herself in the middle of this conflict. Emi and her mother are forced to pack up all their things and move to a place called an internment camp. Related Lesson: 2) Bracelet (Grade 5) A. Dent http://teacherlink.ed.usu.edu/TLresources/longterm/LessonPlans/socst/Dent/DENT.HTM   Changing Perspectives on the Japanese Internment Experience from WNET New York http://www.thirteen.org/edonline/lessons/internment/b.html Procedures for teachers is divided into four sections: preparing for the lesson, conducting the lesson, additional activities, and community connections.   Citizenship Denied: An Integrated Unit on the Japanese American Internment http://www.intranet.csupomona.edu/~tassi/intern.htm Using a variety of resources, students investigate and interpret diverse points of view among those interned. The lessons are organized around the central question of' 'What are our rights and responsibilities as American citizens?' The goal is to empower students to recognize social injustices and advocate for the constitutional rights of everyone.   Documents and Photographs Related to Japanese Relocation from National Archives and Records Administration by D. Perry (Grades 9-12) http://www.nara.gov/education/cc/relocate.html This lesson relates to the First , Fourth , and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution.   Farewell to Manzanar (Grades 9-10) from Schools of CA Online Resources for Educators (SCORE) by J. Thompson http://www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/score/manz/manztg.html Students should begin this unit after they have had previous lessons on World War II and have read Farewell to Manzanar.   Internment of Japanese-Americans During World War II from Houghton Mifflin's EduPlace http://www.eduplace.com/ss/hmss/4/unit/act5.2.html Students research the daily life of Japanese-Americans in internment camps during World War II and write radio documentaries using what they learn.   Japanese American Experience: A Way to Look at Global Education (Grades 9-12) http://www.globaled.org/curriculum/internment.html This site houses a unit plan for exploring the World War II incarceration of Japanese Americans.   Using Primary and Secondary Sources to Study an American Tragedy: Japanese-American Internment during World War II by M. Solomon http://www.uiowa.edu/~socialed/lessons/Internment.htm This lesson plans calls for students to examine the issues and emotions involved with internment of Japanese Americans.   Japanese-American Issei Nisei Sansei American citizens World War II due process Franklin Delano Roosevelt racist propaganda Holocaust Bill of Rights anti-Asian discrimination loyalty Nikkei concentration camp racial prejudice eviction martial law 'enemy aliens' War Relocation Authority racial profiling Immigration & Naturalization Service Great Depression Japanese ancestry barbed wire wartime hysteria curfew internee resident alien reparations payments relocation Civil Liberties Act of 1988 emotional scars ethnicity immigration incarceration Redress Movement Pearl Harbor citizen West Coast Constitution of the United States internment camp       Created by Annette Lamb and Larry Johnson, 1/02.